A Thousand Brains by Jeff Hawkins; & Richard Dawkins

Author:Jeff Hawkins; & Richard Dawkins [Hawkins, Jeff & Dawkins, Richard]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Hachette Book Group
Published: 2021-03-02T00:00:00+00:00

When Is Something Intelligent?

When should we consider a machine intelligent? Is there a set of criteria we can use? This is analogous to asking, When is a machine a general-purpose computer? To qualify as a general-purpose computer—that is, a universal Turing machine—a machine needs certain components, such as memory, a CPU, and software. You can’t detect these ingredients from the outside. For example, I can’t tell if my toaster oven has a general-purpose computer inside or a custom chip. The more features my toaster oven has, the more likely it contains a general-purpose computer, but the only sure way to tell is by looking inside and seeing how it works.

Similarly, to qualify as intelligent, a machine needs to operate using a set of principles. You can’t detect whether a system uses these principles by observing it from the outside. For example, if I see a car driving down the highway, I can’t tell if it is being driven by an intelligent human who is learning and adapting as they drive or by a simple controller that just keeps the car between two lines. The more complex the behavior exhibited by the car, the more likely it is that an intelligent agent is in control, but the only sure way to tell is by looking inside.

So, is there a set of criteria that machines must have to be considered intelligent? I think so. My proposal for what qualifies as intelligent is based on the brain. Each of the four attributes in the following list is something we know that the brain does and that I believe an intelligent machine must do too. I will describe what each attribute is, why it is important, and how the brain implements it. Of course, intelligent machines may implement these attributes differently than a brain. For example, intelligent machines don’t have to be made of living cells.

Not everyone will agree with my choice of attributes. One can make a good argument that I have left some important things out. That’s OK. I view my list as a minimum, or baseline, for AGI. Few AI systems have any of these attributes today.

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